On Site Observation: It is a process which includes observing, recording and
interpreting the expert’s problem-solving process while it takes place. The
knowledge developer does more listening than talking; avoids giving advice and
usually does not pass his/her own judgment on what is being observed, even if
it seems incorrect; and most of all, does not argue with the expert while the
expert is performing the task. Some of the problems in On-Site observations are
expert’s reluctance, peer’s reactions & accuracy of the captured knowledge.
Brainstorming: It is a free approach of producing thoughts about imaginative
solution of a crisis. It engages numerous experts in a sitting. The main
questions considered in a brainstorming session include:
- What
benefits are to be gained if a particular idea is followed?
- What
specific problems that idea can possibly solve?
- What
new problems can arise through this?
In case of a conflict,
the role of a knowledge expert is to guide all the experts to a single solution
by voting or any other feasible technique.
Electronic Brainstorming: It is a computer-aided approach of brainstorming which deals with
multiple experts. It encourages instant exchange of ideas among experts. It
protects the introvert experts. The benefits are improved communications &
effective discussions regarding sensitive matters.
Protocol Analysis: scenarios/protocols are composed by enquiring experts about how to
resolve a problem & express their conclusions by stating their thoughts
directly.
Consensus Decision
Making: It is a method of group decision making. Input
from all members are collected and blended to reach at a final conclusion which
is acceptable to all. It aids in reaching to improved solutions & also
encourages community and trust. The procedure is:
- Forward
a proposal.
- Adjust
the proposal with the help of discussions.
- Those
who disagree, forward alternate proposal.
- If
dead end is seen, the proposal is withdrawn.
- Facilitator
confirms any objections.
- If
no objections, facilitator can call for consensus.
- If
there are no further objections, then u have the decision.
- Facilitator
repeats the decision, to make everyone clear.
Nominal Group Technique
(NGT): Provides an interface between consensus &
brainstorming. The board of experts happens to be a Nominal Group whose
conferences are prepared in order to efficiently pool individual judgment. It
is an idea writing mechanism.
Idea Writing: It is a ordered group approach used for mounting ideas as well as
discovering their semantics and the conclusion is typically a written report.
steps of NGT includes:
- Division
of people in small groups.
- Put
forward an open-end query.
- Every
individual is required to brainstorm all possible ideas.
- Collect
ideas in round-robin fashion.
- Each
person evaluates the presented ideas.
- A
group report displays ideas having most points.
- Brief
group presentations are prepared on solutions.
Delphi Method: in this method, a chain of questionnaires are prepared to pool
experts’ answers in explaining a difficult problem. Each expert’s offerings are
shared with other experts by using results of one questionnaire to build the
next questionnaire. advantages are:
- Anonymous
response
- Controlled
feedback
- Statistical
group response
Disadvantages are:
- Inadequately
prepared questionnaire cannot be much effective in confining the density
of the problem domain.
- Experts
may be short of total knowledge to support their answers.
Repertory Grid: It is a procedure of drawing individual ideas. This is a tool used
for knowledge capture. Its main benefit is that it prompt the expert to think
more concretely about the problem and its solution. The main drawback is its
difficulty to handle when large grids are accompanied by multifaceted details.
Due to its difficulty and manageability, the tool is usually used in the early stages of knowledge capture.
Concept Mapping: It is a system of ideas, which consists of nodes & links. A node symbolizes a idea and a link symbolizes
the association between concepts. Concept mapping is designed to convert new
concepts/propositions into the existing cognitive structures related to
knowledge capture. The process includes:
- Preparation.
- Idea
generation.
- Statement
structuring.
- Representation.
- Interpretation
- Utilization.
Black boarding
(Groupware): Contributors are unspecified experts with only
one of its kind experience. Every expert has equivalent likelihood to
contribute to the solution via the blackboard. Process continues until the
problem has been solved. Uniqueness of blackboard system:
- Various
approaches to problem-solving.
- Common
language for interaction.
- Efficient
storage of information.
- Flexible
representation of information.
- Iterative
approach to problem-solving.
- Organized
participation.
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