Week # 02 "Understanding Knowledge"

Some important definitions covered in the chapter are:

• Fact: A statement that represents truth.
• Procedural Rule: A rule that specifies the sequence of actions.
• Heuristic: A rule of thumb based on experience.
• Intelligence: The capability to obtain and relate appropriate knowledge.
• Memory: The ability to store and retrieve relevant experience.
• Learning: The skill of acquiring knowledge using the method of study.
• Experience: The understanding that is developed through past actions.
• Common Sense: The natural and usually unreflective opinions of humans.
• Declarative Knowledge: Centers on ideas about dealings among variables.
• Procedural Knowledge: Centers the ideas relating to sequences of steps or actions to desired (or undesired) results.
• Tacit Knowledge: Includes visions, perceptions and guesses.
• Explicit Knowledge: Knowledge that has been expressed into words and numbers.
• Externalization: Process of articulating tacit knowledge into explicit concepts.
• Metaphor: A figure of speech that uses one thing to mean another.
• Analogy: Shows similarity among things that may seem different.
• Knowledge Conversion: Tacit and explicit knowledge interact and interchange into each other.
• Deductive Reasoning: Comprises of exact facts and conclusions.
• Inductive Reasoning: Reasoning from a set of facts or individual cases.

Cognitive Psychology is the interdisciplinary study of Human Intelligence. Its two major components are: Experimental Psychology & Artificial Intelligence. Data comprises facts, observations or perceptions whereas, Information is processed data. It involves manipulated data. Knowledge is a justified true belief. Knowledge helps to produce information from data or from less valuable information to more valuable information. Data or information can modify knowledge.

The subjective view of Knowledge is that it can be viewed as an ongoing accomplishment which continuously affects and is influenced by social practices. Its 2 perspectives are:

• Knowledge as state of Individual Mind.
• Knowledge as practice.          

Whereas its objective view is that it can be located in the form of an object or a capability that can be discovered. Its 3 perspectives are:

• Knowledge as objects.
• Knowledge as access to information.
• Knowledge as capability. 

The common types of knowledge are:

• Simple Knowledge
• Complex Knowledge
• Support Knowledge
• Tactical Knowledge
• Strategic Knowledge

An Expertise is the knowledge of higher quality. The types of expertise are:

• Association Expertise
• Motor Skills Expertise
• Theoretical Expertise

The expert reasoning methods includes:

• Reasoning by analogy
• Formal reasoning
• Case-based reasoning

Human Memory never runs out of space. Types of human learning are:

• Learning by experience
• Learning by example
• Learning by discovery